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Judul : how to make a volcano
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how to make a volcano

hi, i'm liz cottrell. i'm a curator here atthe national museum of natural history, and i'm the director of the smithsonian globalvolcanism program.

how to make a volcano , i'm here in my laboratorywhere i study volcanoes and how they work. have you ever wondered that? how does a volcano work?

what is the force thatpropels all of that rock and ash into the sky ofan explosive eruption? the plinian cloud. well, magma cambers beneath explosive volcanoes and seltzer bottles havesomething in common: contents under pressure. this seltzer bottle hascarbon dioxide dissolved in the water and itsall under pressure.

if we take this seltzerbottle and release the pressure byopening the top... boom! mount saint helens! the carbon dioxide when thepressure goes down doesn't want to be dissolvedin the water anymore, so the carbondioxide comes out, forms bubbles, the bubbles coalesceand they are less dense,

and they start movingtowards the surface as fast as they can. the water can'tget out of the way, so a combination of gas andwater shoots out the top of this seltzer bottle. a magma chamber isexactly analogous. in that case, wehave volcanic gases, water, and carbon dioxide,dissolved in the magma. when we uncork that volcano,the pressure falls and those

gases no longer want to bedissolved in that magma. so they form bubbles, the bubbles group togetherto make bigger bubbles, which move towards the surface at high velocity. how fast? well, when thatmagma exits the volcano, it's moving at100-400 meters per second. that's 200-900miles per hour!

fast! so, to recap, explosivevolcanic eruptions are driven by gases thatwere originally dissolved in the magma,coming out of solution, forming bubbles, which then propelthe gas plus magma towards the surface,causing the big explosion.

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