Judul : how to make a pinata
link : how to make a pinata
how to make a pinata
probably all of you have hit a pinata, but pinatas like those in mexico,i'm not so sure. you did not have to go throughthe traumatic moment i had to go through, which ismore or less like this: being surrounded by people you don't know,with a hanging pinata,
how to make a pinata , with my eyes closed, stick in hand and people shouting out: higher! lower! hit it! or with the people singingand you are obviously the one ridiculed. those are mexican pinatas.
it's not like in a quiet birthday,where the host hits and breaks it. no, it's at any celebration; it's a popular festival, really crazy. you never know what's filled with,there are surprises. in mexico we are so obsessed with pinatas that in tepatitlan, jalisco,they made an 36-feet tall one. what's inside is enough for us all to eat. we are so obsessed with pinatas that my nephew, martin, a two-year-oldasks his mom seven times a day to hit a pinata himself alone.
and not only that, but he says:"sing to me, mom, please." "please, please, don't lose the grip,for if you lose it, you lose the trip." well, that obsession my nephew shows is what it takes to be a scientist. what i want to talk to you about today isthat scientists should break pinatas similar to those mexican pinatas. that is, this gigantic popular festival. and for this i want to tell you a story that has to do with dna. beginning the 20th century we knew thatthe dna transmitted genetic information,
but we didn't know how,what was the mechanism. this started a fierce competitionamong scientists to find the structure of the dna molecule. and the by now famous scientists,watson and crick found and won that race. they found that the dna moleculewas this double helix whose structure explained howthe information is multiplied. it was enough to split the helix,multiply them and reassemble them in order to have the information doubled. watson and crick were young scientists,
watson an american, and crick a briton, who would complement their knowledge;they were a physicist and a biologist. and thanks to thatthey could break that pinata; they managed to beat everyonegiving the biggest hit! >from there, we leap to the year 2000. they had found the structure,but had not decoded what were our chromosomes made of. what was the dna that made upall those chromosomes? and to find that it was createdthe human genome project.
within it, hundreds of laboratoriesaround the world got together and said, "well, you're goingto sequence a bit of dna, you have chromosome 21,and you, chromosome x." somehow, the pinatas were distributedamong these centers and the order was: "you break your own side,and then we'll all get together and share what was inside. how boring, isn't it? the human genome project discovered that 99.9 percent of our dna is similar.
that means that 0.1 percent is what differentiate us. 0.1 percent represents in the bible, four words. four words can change a religion, clearly. but it is too little; in that sense the human genome,is actually the human genome. it is not mary's or john's genome,peter's or paul's; it's the human genome. it is the bible of the human genome. but also in those coded differences lies what makes us each individual,what makes us unique.
my mexican genes,which are clearly visible. differences in hair, blood type,or skin color. everything is coded there; but moreimportant than that, perhaps, is how prone will you beto have certain diseases. and what happened when sequencingthe human genome was that to sequence a genomecosted usd 3 billion in 2000. today it costs usd 1000. so if you save a little money,it's possible to sequence your genome. and why is that good for us?
well, the idea is that many diseasesdepend on gene sequences. so, being so cheap to sequence,brings a revolution to medicine, where comes in what is calledgenomic medicine. tailored medicine.or like i prefer to call it: medicine that heals when you are not sick. amazing, right? why? well, because if you have a mutation, such as the cystic fibrosis gene, you are sure your son or you are goingto have that disease. it is a terrible disease,is a respiratory disease,
in which breathing is difficultand you probably won't live long. there is a gene in women, the brca 1,that causes a mutation, it increases the probability of gettingbreast cancer from 20 to 80 percent. everyone knows, angelina jolie had thatmutation and decided to take her breasts in order not to have the disease. it could prevent the diseasebefore it appears. the last case is macular degeneration,where a mutation changes the probability of having macular degeneration from 2 to 4 percent. which is very low, but it's double.4 percent is 2 percent twice.
so, what would you do in that case? would you try to find a cure?at least you are forewarned. what happens is that there aremore than 7000 diseases which depend on the mutationof a single gene. but there are many more diseaseswhich depend not on one gene, but on 10, 100 or 1000 genes;we have 20,000 genes. and the majority of diseases,the most serious diseases depend on hundreds of genes. in some way, just like social networks define us:
it's not just you, but whoyou connect with, gene networks definethe function of a gene. the social network of the gene iswhat determines most diseases. and the problem is that it's very hardto determine this social network. there are 20,000 genesinteracting with 20,000 genes. how do you know who interacts with whom? well, what we scientists do is to program,we create an algorithm, we try to predict which isthe best network that predicts if you are going to have lung cancer,or schizophrenia,
or how are you going to respondto a treatment for a viral disease. the problem is that it is very difficultto know which is the best algorithm, what is the network that best predicts. normal science, the common science,in which everyone in their house breaks their pinata, or try to breaktheir pinata, is not enough. how can we check which oneis the best predictor? well, we have a suggestion, an idea,on how to solve this. and this idea is called "dream." "dream" was invented by an argentinian,gustavo stolovitzky.
but "dream" to me as a mexicanis an incredible idea; the idea is to invite all those scientists to hit one single pinata,instead of each one hit their own. we want to build a giant collaboration, maybe the largest collaborationever made in the world. a collaboration of this size:10,000 scientists. and what we basically do in "dream"is to find unpublished patient data for all types of diseases. the organizers of "dream" knowthe solution, what's inside the pinata.
the only thing we dois hanging the pinata. neither too high, nor too low. enough so hitting it isthe most funny thing you can do. so that all the peoplewe invite to our party -- to our open science festival --come and hit our pinata. in "dream" we spent the last 10 yearsproposing this idea: we made more than 40 contests, and about 10,000 scientistshave taken part. and what have we achieved?
a disease that you may know, als,amyotrophic laterals sclerosis -- there was this famous "bucket challenge". well, before that happenedwe found data from 1000 patients, that we asked a pharmaceutical companywho was not using them. and what we wanted to determine was if -- als has two types: one in whichyour decay goes quickly, it's a terrible disease, you stop moving your muscles, you no longer control your muscles. so your decay happens quickly,or you decay happens slowly.
stephen hawking, the famousastrophysicist is the classic example, if you watched the film, he was told intwo, three months he'd not move anymore. stephen hawking obviously degenerated,but he is still moving at least one muscle in one eyewith which he can speak to us. so, what we achieved withthis competition of "dream" is that the programs and algorithmsthat scientists sent, make better predictionsthan those made by doctors by studying the data of those patients. we managed to improve the wayit can be determined
how the disease will evolve;and that is very important because it allows us to plan what's next. but not only that, the incredible thingabout "dream" is that if you make an average of allthe prediction the participants make, you will have a better prediction than anycoming from just one of the participants. we are creating a sort ofcompetitive collaboration, that is quite similar to hitting a pinata. you only think of breaking it,that's the idea. you are not thinking thatif you hit it but not break it,
you are helping the next oneto the break it, because you're cracking it up somehow. what happens here is exactly the same: each person sending algorithms,making their predictions, is cracking that pinataeven if they don't want to, just for taking part. in this way, in "dream"we are not only saving lives, and bringing the power of the massesto all kind of diseases, but we are revolutionizingthe way we make science.
thank you very much. (applause)
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